V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance)

The potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit, measured in volts (V)

The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A)

Opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω)

A passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element

A passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in an electric field

A passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field

The sum of currents entering a node (junction) equals the sum of currents leaving the node.

The sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero

A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, providing a single path for current flow.

A circuit where components are connected across each other, providing multiple paths for current flow.

The rate at which energy is transferred or converted, measured in watts (W). P = IV = I²R = V²/R

Alternating Current; current that periodically reverses direction.

Direct Current; current that flows in only one direction.

A passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction.

A two-terminal semiconductor device that conducts current primarily in one direction.

A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor; a type of transistor widely used in integrated circuits.

A branch of algebra dealing with logical operations and binary variables.

An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean logic operation on one or more binary inputs.

A small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals.

The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, typically on a single integrated circuit.

A miniaturized electronic circuit composed of numerous transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components on a single semiconductor chip.

Connecting a point in a circuit to the earth to provide a common reference potential and safety.