Philippine Revolution: The Cry's Debate
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The Cry of Pugad Lawin/Balintawak, marking the start of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, has conflicting historical accounts regarding its exact date and location, with Teodoro Agoncillo's influential account placing it in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, based on Pio Valenzuela's testimony, but facing criticism due to inconsistencies and reliance on later oral histories.
Symbolic start of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule in 1896; location and date debated by historians.
Residence certificates; tearing them symbolized Filipinos' rejection of Spanish rule.
Philippine revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio.
Prominent nationalist historian who argued the Cry of Pugad Lawin took place on August 23, 1896.
Key member of the Katipunan and leader during the Philippine Revolution.
Period in the Philippines (1972-1981) under President Ferdinand Marcos, characterized by authoritarian rule and human rights abuses.
President of the Philippines who declared Martial Law in 1972.
Document that placed the Philippines under Martial Law.
Communist organization in the Philippines.
Armed wing of the CPP.
Incident cited by Marcos to justify Martial Law.
Philippine Constitution that allowed the president to declare Martial Law in case of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion.
Organization that documented human rights abuses during Martial Law.
Board that validated victims of Martial Law abuses.
Historian who wrote 'Closer Than Brothers,' detailing the suppression of dissent during Martial Law.
Author of 'Marcos Martial Law: Never Again.'