Diverse indigenous cultures, barangays (small villages), animistic beliefs

Basic political unit in precolonial Philippines; led by a datu

Chieftain or leader of a barangay

Belief system centered on spirits inhabiting natural objects and forces

Began with Magellan's arrival; established Manila as capital; imposed Catholicism

Portuguese explorer who claimed the Philippines for Spain

Became the center of Spanish colonial power in the Philippines

The dominant religion in the Philippines, introduced by the Spanish

Trade route connecting Manila and Acapulco, Mexico; facilitated exchange of goods between Asia and the Americas

Headed by a Governor-General; characterized by centralized control and limited Filipino participation

Catholic priests who played a significant role in converting Filipinos and influencing colonial society

Filipino intellectuals who advocated for reforms during the Spanish colonial period

National hero; author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo; advocated for peaceful reform

Leader of the Katipunan; advocated for armed revolution

Secret revolutionary society founded by Bonifacio

Armed struggle against Spanish rule; led by Bonifacio and others

Declared by Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite

First President of the First Philippine Republic

Short-lived independent government established after the Spanish-American War

War between Spain and the United States; resulted in the cession of the Philippines to the US

Characterized by Americanization efforts, establishment of public education system, and infrastructure development

War between the US and Filipino revolutionaries

Transitional period before Philippine independence; granted greater autonomy to the Philippines

Philippines was occupied by Japan during World War II

Period of hardship and suffering for Filipinos under Japanese rule

The Philippines gained independence from the United States

First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines