Period of Roman history from 509 BCE to 27 BCE, characterized by a representative government with senators and elected officials

Period of Roman history from 27 BCE to 476 CE (Western Empire), characterized by an emperor as the supreme ruler

Roman general and statesman, played a key role in the fall of the Republic and rise of the Empire. Famous for his military conquests in Gaul

First Roman Emperor, adopted son of Julius Caesar, established the Pax Romana

"Roman Peace," a period of relative peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire lasting roughly two centuries

The ruling council of the Roman Republic and Empire, composed of wealthy and influential citizens

Two chief executives of the Roman Republic, elected annually

Official in the Roman Republic who represented the interests of the plebeians (commoners)

Commoners of ancient Rome

Aristocratic class of ancient Rome

Ancient Roman laws inscribed on twelve bronze tablets, forming the basis of Roman law

System of law that influenced legal systems worldwide, emphasizing codified laws and legal procedures

Extensive network of roads built by the Romans, facilitating trade, communication, and military movement

Water channels built by the Romans to transport water to cities and towns

Amphitheater in Rome used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles

Ancient Roman temple, now a church, known for its impressive dome

Highly disciplined and effective military force that conquered much of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East

Basic unit of the Roman army

Armed combatants who fought in public spectacles in ancient Rome

Religion that spread throughout the Roman Empire, eventually becoming the official religion

Roman Emperor who legalized Christianity

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, traditionally marked by the deposition of Romulus Augustulus

Continued after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople

Capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire

Language of the Roman Empire that influenced many modern languages